This section explains the various processing taking place in the "radios" domain.
## Introduction
Once a radios chunk is loaded into memory (see [radios chunk processing](definitions.md#radios-chunks)), various processing can be applied to each individual (sub)radio. The most common are:
- CCD hotspots removal
- Flat-Field normalization
- Phase retrieval
## The `CCDProcessing` class
The base class for handling these processing is `CCDProcessing` found in `nabu.preproc.ccd`. To instantiate a `CCDProcessing` class, only a stack of radios is required.